A Day and the Life of 9-11 Essay

I remember the account like it was yesterday. It seems like any other morning I got up early with a reminder call from mom. (She work overnight) I head back down the hallway to the siblings room I wake up the boys first. They were always the hardest to wake up. â€Å"Time to get up†, I yelled like a screaking alarm clock as I jumped excitedly up and down the bed where they slept. All you can hear is the moan of the boys’ stops and pleading to get more sleep. Next stop back to my bed room where my dear little sister lays sleeping I walk up to the bed and shake hear and say time to get up. I politely give her a wake because never gives me trouble when it is time to get ready for school. I roll my eyes because those troublesome brothers of mine I know are not up out of that bed and I have to repeat the previous process and this time up each one out of the bed. While I spend time doing this my sister is up and at it she in the bathroom washing her face and brushing her teet h not having to be told what to do. In my thought I say I love that little girl. My brothers of course are moving in slow motions like a sloth in a tree. I am aggressively pushing them along and barking orders at them tell them what to do like a drill sergeant in the Army. â€Å"Wash your face†, â€Å"Brush your teeth† and â€Å"Make sure you brush your hair†. Now that I have gotten the boys up and moving I head to the kitchen to get breakfast going. Not long after finish the siblings start rolling in. My sister first so nice and chipper like she is skipping in a garden and picking flowers as she goes, how she can be that happy that early in the morning I will never understand. I finally boys come dragging their feet into the kitchen and flopping in a chair. Still grumbling about being up so early complaining about how I could have let them sleep longer. Now here is where the really trouble begins now that they are all in the same room. So now the brothers start to bother their little sister since the breakfast they are eating seems to miraculously give them a turbo boot of energy. All I can hear is â€Å"Stop leave me alone†, laughing and name calling going at the table behind me. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay My job as a big sister mother like role comes in to play; I turn to them and yell â€Å"Leave her alone before I start on yall!† Breakfast is all done now it is time to round up the troops and get them to the bus stop. Making sure they have their book bags and everything that goes in it. Once we have jackets and book bags on we make our venture up the winding driveway to the bus stop. After the bus arrives I head back down the driveway, and now have to get myself ready for school and head back down to the bus stop to get myself off to school. Now on the bus were take normal route and pickup kids. We head to the middle school to drop them off and now we head to the high school. While heading to the high school the bus driver received a call and was taking alternate route to drop us off at the school. We can see the route we normally take and there are cars backed up down the street. We thought that we had another bomb threat since that was kinda normal at our school. Once inside and we headed to homeroom we were told that planes had crashed into a building in New York. We turned on the news in the classroom because we wanted to know the details of what was going on. As we watched the news started report the approach of a second plane and we watched in real time the second plane crash into the second building. Not really understanding what was going on the new reports that it was a terrorist attack happening. Instantly it made since why we had to take a different route to school that day. Our school is Next to one of the biggest Army training bases. So of course the locked down the base no one in and no one out, which caused the traffic to back up around the school. The students reaction was mixed the students bombards the teacher with questions that at this time she had no answers for. Some student continues like it was nothing, other started crying knowing that they had loved ones that worked in those building. Many were sad because they knew that their mom and dad maybe deployed somewhere and would be gone for a long time. My reaction was why anyone would want to crash planes into these particular set of building, why would they risk their own lives doing so. While all of this was going on the intercom came on and announcing that the teacher turn off the television and try to continue the day as normal. In reality the day would not every be normal. We had so many unanswered questions. How could we continue the day like we had not seen what we seen or heard what we heard. Some teacher complied with the instruction others did not. One of the teacher found that it was important to have some clarification on what was going on. She began to tell us about what was being reported through the day. Since now it is almost time to go home there had been more progress on what had just happened that morning. She said that there had been a terrorist attack and the people they think is responsible were a Muslim group called Al Qaeda. My next thought was what Al Qaeda is and what did being Muslim have to do with it. I later learned that prior to September 11, 2001 the country moved along at its regular daily pace. Conflict and wars have been a component of the United States since the beginning of time. There are three sources conflict: human rights, global terrorism, and environmental problems. Many see terrorism as a way to hide greed, racism, and the conquests of power. Terrorism is defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigations â€Å"as an unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives† (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002-2005). Terrorism makes the statement that demands attention and affects every person in every country around the world. On that clear Tuesday morning; September 11, 2001, nineteen Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and other Arab nat ions boarded four fully fueled American airliners. These airliners were set to depart to cities in California. Little did the staff for each of the planes or the people boarding them know that plans had changed. Within the space of an hour, al Qaeda wreaked more direct damage on the United States than the Soviet Union had done throughout the entire cold war, a tragedy seen by more people than any other event in history. (Bergen, 2006) Many questions were garnered after September 11, 2001. What caused this horrific attack and who’s to blame for it? Was this attack forecasted, could we have seen it coming and prevented it? What do we do now and how do we prevent it from happening again? People in America were terrified but at the same time came together in the face of tyranny. On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda boarded and hijacked four American airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. At 8:45 a.m. an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a huge, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, immediately killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcasted live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. Then, eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767–United Airlines Flight 175–appeared out of the sky, turned abruptly toward the World Trade Center and sliced into the south tower near the 60th floor. The impact caused a massive explosion that rained down burning debris over surrounding buildings and the streets below. It was at this point everyone knew America was under attack. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) As millions were watching the events unfold in New York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and crashed into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a overwhelming firestorm that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the enormous concrete building. All told, 125 military personnel and civilians were killed in the Pentagon, along with all 64 people aboard the airliner. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) It was initially thought that this plane was bound for the White House or the Capitol Building; however, because of lack of visibility coming from the west as it did objects obscured these targets making the terrorists change their plans and crash into the Pentagon. (Limbacher, 2001) Less than fifteen minutes after the attack on the Pentagon; things became much worse in New York. The south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed bringing a huge cloud of smoke and dust. The building that could withstand 200 miles per hour winds, could not withstand the heat of the burning jet fuel and eventually the structural steel buckled and collapsed. Within minutes the North tower fell to the same fate. Approximately 3,000 people were killed, both inside the buildings as well as people in the vicinity. An extremely large number of firefighters and paramedics (343), police officers (23), and Port Authority police officers (37) were killed while trying to complete an evacuation of the buildings. Only six people in the World Trade Center towers at the time of their collapse survived. (9/11 Attacks, 2012). During the time that the towers were collapsing, a fourth plane bound for San Francisco, CA was being hijacked. Due to this plane being delayed in taking off, the passengers on board learned of the events transpiring in New York City and Washington D.C. through the use of the Airfones and cell phone calls from relatives on the ground. Since the passengers knew that this plane was not bound for an airport they decided to take matters into their own hands. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane flipped over and sped toward the ground at a speed of upwards of 500 miles per hour, crashing in a rural field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All 45 people aboard were killed. Its initial target has never been completely determined; however, it is believed that it was bound for the White House, the U.S. Capitol, or one of several nuclear power plants along the eastern seaboard. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) The people aboard Flight 93 have been deemed heroes, as their actions that day saved possibly hundreds if not thousands of lives. After being transported around the country due to security concerns, President George W. Bush returned to the White House around 7 p.m. At 9 p.m. he addressed the United States from the Oval Office, affirming, â€Å"Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.† In a reference to the eventual U.S. military response he declared, â€Å"We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.† (9/11 Attacks, 2012) As a result of the attacks, America led an international operation to expel the Taliban command in Afghanistan and to destroy al Qaeda’s terrorist cells based there. Operation Enduring Freedom began on October 7th 2001, and within two months U.S. forces had successfully overthrown and removed the Taliban from operational power. However, the war had to continue as U.S. and coalition forces attempted to expel a Taliban insurgency in neighboring Pakistan. Many of the al Qaeda’s top lieutenants were captured or killed, to include its bin Laden’s second in charge and the overall mastermind of the attacks Ayman al-Zawahiri. (McCarthy & Luke Harding, 2002) Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda and financier of the September 11 attacks was able to escape U.S. forces until he was finally traced to a hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan and killed by U.S. forces on May 2, 2011. (9/11 Attacks, 2012) As Americans, when a tragedy like September 11, 2001 happens to us, our first reaction is obviously to be frightened. We then came together as a country much like we did after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Our next reaction is to ask questions; how did this happen, could we have avoided it happening, why did it happen, and how do we prevent it from happening again. There are many theories as to why 9/11 happened; however, we will never know for sure, we can only speculate based off information provided to us by our government and media. U.S. foreign policy is believed to be one of the most influential reasons for the attacks. Bin Laden opposed the United States support of Israel. The support that the U.S. gives to Israel especially Israel’s invasion of southern Lebanon in 1982 triggered Bin Laden’s anti-Americanism. In 1980s his anti-Americanism took the form of boycotting U.S. goods. His hatred only grew by the export of 500,000 U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia after Saddam H ussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990. (Bergen, 2006) Other possible reasons or causes for the attacks were a clash within Islam. Michael Scott Doran talked about 9/11 being a result of a conflict within the Muslim world in a Foreign Affairs essay, â€Å"Somebody Else’s Civil War.† Doran contended that Bin Laden’s followers â€Å"consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of immorality and think that the future of religion itself, and therefore the world depends on them and their battle.† In particular, Egyptians in al Qaeda, such as Ayman al-Zawahiri, hold this view, inheriting it from Sayyid Qutb, who believed that most of the modern middle east is living in a state of pagan ignorance. The Egyptian jihadists believed that they should overthrow the â€Å"near enemy†-middle east regimes run by â€Å"apostate† rulers. Bin Laden took the next step, urging Zawahiri that the origin of the problem was not the â€Å"near enemy† but the â€Å"far enemy,† the US, w hich supported the status quo in the middle east. (Doran, 2002) Globalization and a desire to provoke the United States have been inferred by political analysts as possible motives for the attacks. Bernard Lewis wrote a book called The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. He is the best-known advocate of the idea that the Muslim world is in a crisis largely attributable to centuries of decline, represented by the fate of the once powerful Ottoman Empire and its humiliating carve-up by the British and French after the First World War. Lewis also contends that the problems of the Middle East were later compounded by the introduction of two western ideas; socialism and a worldly Arab nationalism. Neither of them delivered on their assurances of creating wealthy and impartial societies. (Lewis, 2003) Three weeks after 9/11, as the US began launching air strikes against Taliban positions, a video of Bin Laden sitting on a rocky ridge was broadcast on Al-Jazeera. On the tape, Bin Laden stated, â€Å"What America is tasting now is something insignificant compared to what we have tasted for scores of years. The Islamic world has been tasting this humiliation and this degradation for 80 years†¦ Neither America nor the people who live in it will dream of security before we live in it in Palestine, and not before the infidel armies leave the land of Muhammad.† Bin Laden accentuated the â€Å"humiliation† of the Muslim world and the negative effect of US policies in the Middle East thus agreeing with Bernard Lewis’ statements in his book. (Bergen, 2006) Obviously one of the most defining negative impacts of 9/11 was the amount of lives lost on September 11, 2001; as well as the number of lives still in jeopardy as a result of the â€Å"War on Terror†. The 9/11 attack killed 2,973 people, including Americans and foreign nationals but excluding the terrorists. (U.S. deaths in Iraq, war on terror surpass 9/11 toll, 2006) Since the beginning of the Afghan War (Operation Enduring Freedom) in 2001 up to the current day, there have been 2,104 U.S. servicemen and women who have lost their lives. That number includes both combat deaths as well as military suicides that occurred in Afghanistan. (Suarez, 2012) Although the War in Iraq was not directly linked to 9/11, the attacks help jump start that war since the initial reasoning for going to war was Iraq harboring terrorists and having a surplus of weapons of mass destruction. The total number of American soldiers that have been killed to date as a result of Operation Iraqi Freedom is 4486 lives. (Iraq Coalition Casualty Count, 2012) The â€Å"Patriot Act† could be looked upon as a positive outcome of the 9/11 attacks. The â€Å"Patriot Act† was appropriately blatant. Before 9/11, soldiers were considered the â€Å"patriots†; units like Special Forces were considered to be the tip of freedom. Now the FBI and prosecutors were to have that same privilege, the same authorization to hunt down enemies without much oversight or interference. When it was signed into law six weeks after the attacks, the act made it easier to wiretap American citizens suspected of cooperating with terrorism, to investigate business records without notification, and to execute search warrants without immediately informing the targets. Privileges once set aside for overseas intelligence work were extended to domestic criminal investigations. There was less judicial oversight and very little transparency. The bill’s symbolism mattered also, signaling that the moral deference previously given to the Special Forces would be extended until it incorporated much of the apparatus of the American state. (Wallace-Wells, 2011) There are some that feel that Americans civil rights have been violated since 9/11. The ACLU for instance, they disagree with the principles of the Patriot Act. They summarized that â€Å"The Patriot Act† enormously and unconstitutionally expanded the government’s power to interfere in people’s private lives with little or no evidence of wrongdoing. Years after its enactment, there is little evidence to prove that the Patriot Act has made America more secure from terrorists. But there are many unfortunate examples that the government abused these authorities in ways that both violated the rights of innocent people and misspent precious security resources.† (Dean, 2011) September 11, 2001 will be a day that stays in every Americans memory as one of the most tragic days in American history. It was a day where hijackers boarded planes, flew them into our buildings and murdered thousands of Americans. Even though as a country we prevailed in the War on Terror as well as the War in Iraq, we will continue to feel the negative impacts of this day. One definite positive outcome is that every American citizen remembered what it was to be an American citizen and to treasure the freedom that we have. To all the Americans that lost their lives on that day and all the soldiers that continue to fight for our freedom at home and abroad; We Will Never Forget You. Work Cited U.S. deaths in Iraq, war on terror surpass 9/11 toll. (2006, September 3). Retrieved from CNN.com: http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/09/03/death.toll/ 9/11 Attacks. (2012). Retrieved from The History Channel: http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Iraq Coalition Casualty Count. (2012). Retrieved from icasualties.org: http://icasualties.org/ Bergen, P. (2006). What Were the Causes of 9/11? New America Foundation. Dean, J. (2011, September 9). Reflections on the 9/11 Atttacks’ Lasting Impact on America, and American Law. Retrieved from Verdict: http://verdict.justia.com/2011/09/09/reflections-on-the-911-attacks-lasting-impact-on-america-and-american-law Doran, M. S. (2002, February). Somebody Else’s Civil War. Retrieved from Foreign Affairs: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-doran/somebody-elses-civil-war Lewis, B. (2003). The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. New York: Modern Library, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of a division of Random House, Inc. Limbacher, C. (2001, September 16). Cheney: Pentagon Plane was Headed for White House. Retrieved from Newsmax.com: http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/9/16/131111.shtml McCarthy, R., & Luke Harding. (2002, February 17). Bin Laden’s Number 2 Said Captured In Iran. Retrieved from Rense.com: http://rense.com/general20/cap.htm Suarez, R. (2012, August 24). U.S. Military Death Toll in Afghan War Reaches New Milestone. Retrieved from PBS News Hour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/july-dec12/afghanistan_08-24.html Wallace-Wells, B. (2011, August 27). Patriot Act. The kitchen-sink approach to national security.

Maternal Filicide And Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this paper is to look into and place the common factors that influence maternal filicide, and its relationship to mental/psychological upsets within the culprits. Filicide has been defined as the knowing act of a parent/guardian killing her or his ain kid ( Putkonen, Amon, Almiron, Cederwall, Eronen, Klier, Kjelsberg, Weizmann-Henelius, 2009 ) . There are two subcategories that branch from filicide which include infanticide and neonaticide. Infanticide is best described as the slaying of a 1 ‘s ain kid that is younger than one twelvemonth. Whereas, neonaticide is the violent death of a kid that has been born non more than 24 hours earlier ( Putkonen, et Al, 2009 ) . Surprisingly, this act is non uncommon and has been reported to take topographic point all around the universe. Previous surveies have found that filicide has taken topographic point in 3rd universe states such as Bolivia in under developed communities ( Hilari, Condori, Dearden, 2009 ) , and besides i n states such as England, China and France ( McKee, 2006 ) . Although this act is practiced around the Earth, there is really small information and research recorded about the subject. Filicide is a really sensitive issue and is hard for most to hold an unfastened treatment about the topic. Past surveies include Putkonen et Al. ( 2009 ) , and their research on filicide in Austria and Finland. The intent of their survey was to analyze the common traits between filicide culprits and if these persons shared any psychological upsets. In order to carry on this survey the research workers had to garner all filicide instances that occur between 1995 and 2005. They examined factors such as motivation, method of offense, relationship between culprit and victim, and mental wellness intervention of the culprit. They besides took into history the poisoning of the executor during the filicide act. Other research in this country included the work by Kauppi, Kumpulainen, Vanamo, Merikanto, and Kar kola ( 2007 ) where 10 female parents that committed filicide were examine to see the relationship between filicide and maternal depression. In all instances, female parents showed marks of crossness, shouting for long periods of clip without cause or ground, weariness, anxiousness among other symptoms that are common in depression. The research workers did non interview the adult females nevertheless were able to look into the similarities that lead to the slaying and the common factors after the act was committed. These two research surveies were examined in Finland and Austria. Hilari, Condori, and Dearden ( 2009 ) , besides looked at parents that committed filicide nevertheless examined the pattern in Bolivia. They explored two communities within Bolivia and found that unlike the yesteryear to surveies the grounds for filicide were frequently due to biological defects of the kid or societal factors within the community. Their research looked at how the autochthonal people of Bol ivia justified the violent death of kids. Most frequently, the slaying of a kid went unnoticed as the kid life was taken within 24 hours of birth. Oberman andMeyer ( 2009 ) surveies the societal economic well being of adult females that have committed filicide. They interviewed adult females that have been convicted with the offense and found similarities in societal environment, household history, and instruction degree. Their research brings to illume a universe that is unknown to most other persons. The intent of their survey was to take the reader into the heads of these adult females and to see what the rational was when make up one's minding to perpetrate the act of filicide. Their findings revealed that most adult females that performed filicide are non making it out of hate for the kid ; instead it was due to confusion and a sense of non being able to supply for the kid. This paper intends to look into each article in farther item and determine if there are commonalties between the topics and their mental province, their socio-economic environment, educational degrees, and household history. This paper will besides propose other patterns and resources that can be attempted by adult females who find themselves in this type of state of affairs as all signifiers of filicide should be avoided. Obeman and Meyer ( 2009 ) wrote a book that discussed maternal filicide and different interviews that were made in prison on female parents who were convicted of this offense. The writers explained how most of these adult females felt uncomfortable and would non desire to discourse it in general. Obeman et Al. ‘s ( 2009 ) conducted face-to-face interviews at the Ohio State Reformatory. They explained how the givens ‘ that were made of these adult females slaying their kids were non ever accurate. Their options based on their societal and familial systems were really restricted and limited. The writers explained how most of these adult females expressed themselves as non holding a topographic point that should experience safe, when it was suppose to experience like place ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Many common factors were attributed to these adult females such as ; fright, economic want, isolation and deficiency of fiscal support. The female parents normally indicated a de ficiency of instruction, emotion and really minimum medical support ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Physical, mental, and emotional maltreatment were normally early symptoms that these persons experienced prior and after the filicide were committed. Obeman et Al. ‘s ( 2009 ) identified history of maltreatment in the household that factored these adult females ‘s behavior throughout their lives. The book explained how these adult females struggled against the odds of being good female parents to protect themselves and their kids. In add-on, the female parents normally fought back against the power of maltreatment they were sing with their spouse ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Most of the clip, for some of these adult females they thought that giving up was safer so contending back. The writers identified some external support that came from caring others. This normally gave them a self-awareness of their ain strength ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . The female parents were normally isolated by fright of their ain spouse. Most of them were besides affected with mental unwellnesss ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . The book explains how the U.S justness system purely relies more on requital oppose to rehabilitation. In add-on, there appears to be more of a broad assortment of shelters for animate beings so there is for people ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . They explained how these adult females travel on a painful procedure to accept who they are, and what they have done. Many of the issues that the female parents faced was non cognizing where to happen aid, how to entree it, and whom to swear ( Obeman et al. , 2009 ) . Kauppi, Kumpulainen, Vanamo, Merikanto, Karkola ( 2008 ) besides conducted research on female parents that committed filicide. There were unable to interview the adult females in their survey nevertheless were able to recover informations on their mental wellness after kid birth, and household history which included opprobrious parents being surrounded in an alcoholic environment. They were besides able to obtain information on the kids that were murdered. Their survey provided information that indicated that none of the births were unwanted. When the babes were born, all showed good wellness and had no marks of upsets or malformations. It was stated that the motivation behind all filicide instances examined were non of selfish nature. Majority of the female parents believed that the universe was a bad topographic point and that it was non the topographic point for a kid to be raised. Six out of the 10 adult females in this survey tried to perpetrate self-destruction after slaying their kid. An of import factor that was discovered in this survey was that in most instances the individual responsible for the decease of the kid had a hard childhood with demanding parents and a deficiency of emotional support ( Kauppi et. Al, 2008 ) . The research workers of this survey besides found that more than 50 % of the adult females were abandoned by their ain female parents during their childhood. In the scrutiny stage, in four instances the femal e parents were diagnosed with some sort of depression such as ; postpartum depression, major depression and psychotic depression ( Kauppi et. Al, 2008 ) . Keeping in head, none of these adult females were convicted in the tribunal. In most instances, the female parents ne'er wanted to be left entirely with their babes as it would do symptoms to increase in badness. Other symptoms developed when the kid was left entirely with female parent which included but are non limited to hallucinations and anxiousness ( Kauppi et.al, 2008 ) . Another book reappraisal written by Mckee ( 2006 ) , examined the gender differences within the filicide population. Statisticss showed that within the population forty seven per centum of female parents were the culprit and 50 three per centum of male parents committed the act of filicide. Mckee ( 2006 ) found that kids under 1 twelvemonth old were more vulnerable to filicide than kids over the age of one. In the United Kingdom, future research suggest about 10 to 20 maternal filicide instances will be committed annually ( Mckee, 2006 ) . The United States averages 256 filicide instances per twelvemonth. Reasons for this high sum of filicide instances in developed states include economic want, lower educational degrees and a deficiency of resources that guide and help immature female parents when faced with postpartum depression ( Oberman, Meyer, 2009 ) . Mckee`s ( 2006 ) book discusses prevalence rates and old research completed on maternal filicide. In add-on, hazard appraisals an d direction schemes are besides analysed for this peculiar country homicide. Mckee ( 2006 ) discovered five wide classs of maternal filicide. These classs include rejection, mental unwellness, unintended, antisocial, and revenge. By utilizing instance illustrations, Mckee explains his â€Å" Maternal Filicide Risk Matrix â€Å" . This explains the association of the mother`s unprotected cell and protective factors based on two dimensions. These dimensions are known as phase and sphere. This tool must include hazard intercession points for each phase of maternity and gestation. Unfortunately, the appraisal is non through empirical observation validated. The writer besides discusses different rules and their strengths and failing of the â€Å" Maternal Filicide Risk Matrix â€Å" . He besides argues the sum of abandoned kids who are ne'er found and job specifying the cause of decease may be the prevalence of female parent who kills. The last article in this reappraisal, written by Hilari, Condori, Dearden ( 2009 ) took a different attack to look into filicide instances. Their survey took topographic point in Bolivia where they examined the autochthonal people of two countries. The first country is Qaqachaka and had 38 communities participate in the survey. In the 2nd country is Ancoraimes which had 28 communities in the survey. The grounds why these countries were chosen are due to the surveillance systems that have been installed by the authorities to supervise the communities. The intent of their survey was to look into why households partake in filicide Acts of the Apostless. Unlike old literature examined in this reappraisal, the chief causes for filicide are due to biological and societal factors. Examples of biological factors include physical malformations and duplicate ship. In this civilization, when a female parent gives birth to male and female twins, it is seen as evil and is socially accepted to destruct both genders. As for the societal factors , the communities seldom excuse the liquidator ; nevertheless the life of the kid is taken within 24 hours after birth and is ne'er recorded. Often there is no disciplinary action as the slaying has gone unnoticed. Individual interviews and concentrate groups were besides utilized to derive informations. Findingss indicated that female filicide were higher in both countries, for illustration Qaqachaka had 14 deceases in entire, 13 in which were female. Qaqachaka besides recorded 20 times higher than neonatal mortality rate, compared to national rural norm. Some drawbacks to Hilari et Al. ( 2009 ) , research are that the communities surveillance under reported births as camera`s were non set up in individual`s places. Besides, information gathered from sources could hold been bias as many stated that they did non partake or witness the filicide instead heard about it through word of oral cavity. Discussion In most instances of filicide, in general frequently occur with immature adult females that come from a deprived childhood and low socio-economic position. Often these adult females lack the instruction to admit the effects of their actions. In most of these instances, there was a limited sum of resources and entree to seek aid. For female parents in these countries, there should be societal workers that are readily accessible to observe and mention early symptoms of postpartum depression and psychological/ behavioral upsets. Many of the restrictions that were common is these surveies were the deficiency of empirical grounds, and how many adult females did non desire to discourse the traumatic event. The fundss to convey psychologists and head-shrinkers into these lower income communities are unluckily non available. Weekly follow ups by the female parent ‘s household doctor would be a positive attack to placing certain behaviors that may take to temper upsets, which may ensue to filicidal Acts of the Apostless. Understanding each phase of the female parent ‘s gestation and parentage, these are the ideal stages to seek of import forms. To reason, this research has been reasonably new and different theories have been developed to better understand the rational of these murderous wrongdoers. Future research should obtain different methods and garner more information from past culprits to analyse and look into and develop proactive steps to forestall the act of maternal filicide.

Andrew Carnegie Essays - Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel Of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie A man of Scotland, a distinguished citizen of the United States, and a philanthropist devoted to the betterment of the world around him, Andrew Carnegie became famous at the turn of the twentieth century and became a real life rags to riches story. Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 25, 1835, Andrew Carnegie entered the world in poverty. The son of a hand weaver, Carnegie received his only formal education during the short time between his birth and his move to the United States. When steam machinery for weaving came into use, Carnegie?s father sold his looms and household goods, sailing to America with his wife and two sons. At this time, Andrew was twelve, and his brother, Thomas, was five. Arriving into New York on August 14, 1848, aboard the Wiscasset from Glasgow, the Carnegies wasted little time settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, where relatives already existed and were there to provide help. Allegheny City provided Carnegie?s first job, as a bobbin boy in a cotton factory, working for $1.20 a week. His father also worked there while his mother bound shoes at home, making a miniscule amount of money. Although the Carnegies lacked in money, they abounded in ideals and training for the ir children. At age 15, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in Pittsburgh. He learned to send and decipher telegraphic messages and became a telegraph operator at the age of 17. Carnegie?s next job was as a railroad clerk, working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. He worked his way up the ladder, through his dedication and honest desire to succeed, to become train dispatcher and then division manager. At this time, young Carnegie, age 24, had already made some small investments that laid the foundations of his what would be tremendous fortune. One of these investments was the purchase of stock in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company. In 1864, Carnegie entered the iron business, but did not begin to make steel until years later. In 1873, he built the Edgar Thomson works in Braddock, Pennsylvania, to make Bessemer steel. He established many other steel plants, and in 1892, he merged all of his interests into the Carnegie Steel Company. This act from Carnegie is fitting with one of his most famous quotations, ?Put all of your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket.? This firm became one of the greatest industrial enterprises in America. Carnegie later sold it to J.P. Morgan?s United States Steel Corporation in 1901 for $400 million, which would be a little over $4 billion today! After retiring, Carnegie?s fortune was estimated to be as large as half a billion dollars. From that time on, with the philosophy that the rich have a moral obligation to give away their money, he devoted himself to philanthropy. Although ironic, this man of great fortune strongly believed in the merits of poverty for the development of character and work ethic, and determined that wealthy men should not leave their fortunes to their children, but should give it away, claiming ?The man who dies thus rich, dies disgraced.? The picture of community service, Carnegie is quoted as saying, ?Pittsburgh entered the core of my heart when I was a boy, and cannot be torn out. I can never be one hair?s breadth less loyal to her, or less anxious to help her in any way, than I have been since I could help anything. My treasure is still with you, and how best to serve Pittsburgh is the question which occurs to me almost every day of my life." Colonel James Anderson, who Carnegie believes to be his childhood benefactor, established a public library in his hometown of Allegheny City. This library was the first opportunity for Carnegie to take advantage of free information, and he developed a vast interest for knowledge, checking out at least one book a week, and developing himself as a young boy. With Colonel Anderson?s generous contribution to his society molding Carnegie?s childhood, and his beliefs on how large fortunes can be used for the betterment of society, it becomes obvious that Carnegie would focus particularly on promoting education, establishing 2,811 free libraries in all. Of these, 1,946 were located in

Profnessional paper (exdended nursing roles) Term

Profnessional (exdended nursing roles) - Term Paper Example The curative health care costs are currently increasing thus the need of preventive health care and health care insurance for the minority groups (Chernecky & Murphy-Ende, 2009). Approximately, health care costs account for about 14 percent of US Gross domestic product through federal and state spending on Medicare, TRICARE, Medicaid and other health care programs. The rise of new medial technologies like imaging tests and new diseases will require nurses to have advanced degrees in the future. The aging citizens consist of 15 % of total US population and the figure is projected to reach 21 percent in the next two decades. Another changing trend in healthcare is the increase in the use of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) that will require all nurses to learn how to use the systems and also offer telemedicine services since many patients carry out self-assessments daily (Chernecky & Murphy-Ende, 2009). The current trends in health care require a visionary role in order to match the fu ture health care needs. My visionary role will require me to empower the relationships with patients and take an innovative approach in delivering health services to the population. I have a deep sense that in the future patients will need enhanced confidentiality and privacy protection of their health care information due to emergency of new disease trends (Chernecky & Murphy-Ende, 2009). I aspire to work with physicians and hospital administrators in delivering the health care services to Hispanic women suffering from breast cancer. I will work with physicians and hospital administrators, clinical counselors, surgeons, dieticians, chemotherapists, oncologists, and radiologists in delivering the healthcare. Other professionals will include medical geneticist who will predict the chances of a patient suffering from breast cancer and breast surgeons who will remove cancer tumors (Chernecky & Murphy-Ende, 2009). My new role will enable me create awareness on the need of taking early t ests and preventing the chances of suffering from breast cancer in Hispanic women. Hispanic women are vulnerable to breast cancer due to lack of awareness and their lifestyles. I will coordinate the breast cancer awareness efforts and offer by advocating for the patients’ interests and ensuring that all patients receive holistic care while in the hospital. I will provide feedback and train colleagues in delivering the heath care. I will ensure all Hispanic women suffering from cancer in the hospital receive enough fluids, and take the vital signs and symptoms of the patients. I will display sound judgment and ethical considerations in ensuring all patients follow their medical schedules (Chernecky & Murphy-Ende, 2009). In order to effectively deliver healthcare services to the vulnerable population, I need advanced nursing education and work experience for the clinical preparation. I need a graduate degree in nursing in order to provide direct care to patients in a hospital e nvironment. Some of the issues I need to be aware of include CNS practicum, diagnostic reasoning, evidence-based practice, health care ethical policies, and patient stabilization and breast cancer assessments. I will complete the Master of Nursing degree program in clinical nursing specialty within four years and obtain the minimum working hours requirement before receiving the certification. I

Poverty and Social Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poverty and Social Inequality - Essay Example This essay seeks to examine the social problem of poverty and social inequality in terms of its current situation, how it affects people, the attitudes of people towards poverty. This study will delve in the main topic of poverty and social inequality under three main topics namely, the current poverty situation in America, The impact and influence of poverty on Americans and finally the attitudes towards poverty in America. The current poverty situation in America According to Locke (2012), the current social inequalities in America are manifested in the three main social classes namely the rich, the middle class and the poor citizens. The rich people have access to most of the country’s resources while the poor and the middle class have limited access to resources. There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor in the American society. The current economic situation is characterized with unemployment and high costs of living especially for the middle and lower classes (Lo cke, 2012). Huge increases in taxes for the middle and poor class citizens have only contributed to the unequal state of affairs. Locke (2012) claims that the current economic situation maintains social classes in the society by locking the poor people in the country from accessing quality education and decent jobs thus maintaining a vicious circle of poverty for most poor and middle class individuals. Yglesias (2012) on the other hand argues that the current poverty situation in the US emerged as a result of historical unequal distribution of resources and accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few individuals. The disparities in the social classes and the height of social inequalities became very clear during the economic recession (Yglesias, 2012). Despite these challenges, both the rich and the poor continue to work hard to reach their American dream which is to become all they ever wanted to be (Yglesias, 2012). One’s social class or poverty does not restrict them from working hard to achieve their dreams. Success in the American society is considered to be in terms of material possessions. According to Yglesias (2012), the current social class inequalities and poverty in the US are not stumbling blocks for most people, since they always find their own other ways of overcoming their class differences in order to achieve their desired goals. Anonymous. (2012) seems to agree with the opinion that Social class differences in the current economic situation in the US does not affect the mentality of the majority of the people in reaching their potential despite their class. It is the hard work that people put in whatever they do that makes the difference and not one’s current social class or poverty situation. The impact and influence of poverty on Americans Yglesias (2012), points out that poverty has had a huge impact on most citizens in the middle and poor class families. With the huge tax burden on the little income earned by the poor, they cannot access the best resources such as education, and health. Most of the poor citizens drop out of school at an early age (Yglesias, 2012). Poor American women get married earlier and bear children at a much younger age as

Synthesis of Research Problem, Method, and Design-Hypothetical Designs Paper

Synthesis of Problem, Method, and Design-Hypothetical Designs - Research Paper Example These challenges, which include dishonesty and plausible misjudgments, threaten the quality of results obtained through this process. Certain measures have, however, been put in place, to ensure high quality, and error free results. There is little or no attention given to the efficiency and throughput of the crowdsourcing process or the integrity of the results obtained. It is argued that the numbers of task workers and tasks are always small, thereby, resulting in crowdsourcing techniques that are not conscious of the number of tasks, potential worker behavior and efficiency of the process. This research aims at proposing a crowdsourcing, result-improvement technique that is independent of task complexity and sizes and ensures result quality, integrity, as well as efficiency and throughput of the process. The hypothesis being studied in this case is that crowdsourcing result-improvement techniques that are task size and complexity independent ensures result integrity, quality, effi ciency as well as throughput. Hypothetical Designs Quantitative design This design will utilize experimental research method - methods that aim at maximizing replicability, generalizability, and objectivity of results; mostly concerned with prediction (Creswell, 2009). The focus will be to test several existing crowdsourcing techniques including r-Redundancy, v-Voting, and Vote Boosting techniques on a large number of tasks that will be handled by a large number of users. These techniques will be considered as experiment participants. The independent variable in this case would be the crowdsourcing techniques, including r-Redundancy, v-Voting, Vote Boosting techniques and the technique that this research will propose. The independent variables will be studied in two level; low task, less complex task level, and high number of tasks, and complex tasks level. Consequently, the dependent variables will be integrity, quality, efficiency as well as throughput. The experiment will be set in such a way that, the tasks set for testing, will have two definitive parameters including the accuracy of the tasks initial states and the number of options available per decision. 8 sets of 100,000 tasks with 3, 4, or 5 options and 75%, 85%, and 95% as the accuracy for the initial set tasks. There are about 4 to 10 decisions distributed normally. The user network or population tested also has two parameters including mean probability for committing errors and for dishonesty. Values of 3%, 6% and 20% are used for both dishonesty and making of errors. These probabilities were distributed exponentially over [0, 1] around their mean values. Simulations for about 40 input-aggregation functions with each one receiving one input are run repeatedly. For this experiment, the proposed quantitative hypothetical design is deemed to be extremely expensive even in the event that only few points in a parameter space are covered. Qualitative Design In this case, this research method will aim at understanding and discovering the perspectives, thoughts and experiences of previous researchers and participants in the same field in order to understand reality, purpose and meaning (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). The focus will be to review and evaluate literature on previous and current research

History of a food item Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of a food item - Essay Example The name for the new beverage was proposed by John Pemberton's book keeper Frank Robinson. The pharmacist business met difficulties immediately: the same year was signed by a prohibition law that persuaded the chemist and unsuccessful businessman Pemberton to change his 'brand's' name and alter the formula for his commonly-used nerve tonic and headache remedy, 'Pemberton's French Wine Coca', offered by a number of drug stores. Thus, when the 'revived' coca-cola re-appeared in druggists', it possessed "the valuable tonic and nerve stimulant properties of the coca plant and cola nuts, yet sweetened with sugar instead of wine--Pemberton advertised it not only as a delicious, exhilarating, refreshing and invigorating" soda-fountain beverage but also as the ideal temperance drink" (Levenstein, 1993, p.152). Although the inventive pharmacist died just two years later, in March 1888 (Anderson, 1958), by that time he had created a corporation of the first coca-cola brand, concocted by his partners. On January, 1893, the formula was patented in order to protect intellectual property of the founders. And the coca-cola soft drink, whole unit sales totaled only 3,200 servings per day (ibid), is nowadays called the world's most widespread beverage, acknowledged and consumed in 195 countries. It is interesting to note that until the beginning of 1960s, countryside and big city inhabitants took their favorite beverages from the local soda fountains or ice cream saloons. These places served as meeting places for youngsters as well as seniors; but the rapid development of fast-food area and the area of bottled beverages was followed by the decline of popularity of soda fountain counters. Nevertheless, the status of coca-cola even benefited from this development, since small restaurants were so cozy and convenient that their customers took several servings of coca-cola for one person in order to stay there for a longer time. April 1985 was signed by a sensation: the 'New Coke' formula was released. This was called 'the trade secret release'. A trade secret is defined as information allowing an individual to make money, "because it is not generally known. A trade secret could be a formula, computer program, process, method, device, technique, pricing information, customer lists or other non-public information. If the economic value of a piece of information relies on it being kept private, it could be a trade secret" (Pendergast, 1993, p.208). As for coca-cola, its trade secret was a real miracle, and marketing and advertising techniques were concentrated (especially during the Great Depression, up to the 1970s) on the atmosphere of 'mystery' that covered the invention and the process of creation of the beverage (Belasco, 1988). This marketing campaign is ongoing, even though it has new shape nowadays. The research of the 1980s suggested that coca-cola is not exactly safe for human health, so the formula has been changed several times from 1987 up to these days. Being unable to create a 'healthy' image of the beverage, the marketers are now putting stress upon it's style and fashion, as the trade mark collaborates with several areas of sport and fashion industries. In addition, in order to meet the requirements of American youngsters, the company launched the production of 'Coca-Cola Vanilla', 'Coca-Cola Cherry' and 'Coca-Cola Light' (for those who follow low-caloric diets). The 1996 Summer